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成都啟德雅思：解析托福閱讀之作者目的題
托福閱讀共有十種題型，其中某些題型屬于出現(xiàn)頻率較高的如細(xì)節(jié)題、句子簡(jiǎn)化題和句子插入題等，這些題型需要花費(fèi)較多的時(shí)間去準(zhǔn)備，除了需要知道考試的技巧之外還要能夠掌握一些考場(chǎng)上的應(yīng)急方法。今天啟德考培就來(lái)分析這些題型中的其中一種——作者目的題。
作者目的題也叫做修辭目的題，但其實(shí)在TPO 中它的范圍更廣，除了舉例說(shuō)明概述題外，還有類似段落關(guān)系方面的題。既然是作者目的題，此題型首先考察的就是考生是否可以準(zhǔn)確的進(jìn)行換位思考，了解作者的意圖。
我們將作者目的進(jìn)行了歸類，這就包括：提供信息 (inform)，下定義 (define)，解釋 (explain)，例證 (illustrate)，比較 (compare)，對(duì)比 (contrast)，批評(píng) (criticize) 等。
下面我們就對(duì)此題型的常見出題方法進(jìn)行解析：
作者目的題常見的出題形式如下
1. Why does the author mention/include/use…?
2. The author… in order to…
3. The author uses the example to…?
4. …for… purpose?
這種題目一般問(wèn)的是作者舉某個(gè)例子，說(shuō)某句話的目的是什么且在考試時(shí)一般題目中的例子會(huì)標(biāo)黑以方便考生尋找(也有不標(biāo)注的情況)。一般來(lái)講，托福閱讀的文章框架相對(duì)清晰，作者在舉例子時(shí)一定是為了說(shuō)明自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以，對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)需要先找到例子的所在句，然后往前閱讀找到例子支撐的觀點(diǎn)句即可。如：
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clarkarrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14,1805 , in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer.
The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.
B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.
C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.
D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.
解析
根據(jù)較容易定位的人名到段落第三句 “Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.” 意思是：北美邊境有名的探險(xiǎn)者，Lewis 和Clark 在落基山西邊很難找到捕獵動(dòng)物并且直到十二月二號(hào)才捕到只鹿。這是一個(gè)例子，所以我們就往前閱讀看段落首句——段首句往往是段落中的重中之重。“The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.” 意思是：鹿的數(shù)量自從歐洲人進(jìn)入Puget Sound 地區(qū)后就發(fā)生了顯著的波動(dòng)。所以明顯的這句話才是例子要支持的觀點(diǎn)，顯而易見我們可以得出選項(xiàng)A 是正確答案。
第二種類型是觀點(diǎn)和例子結(jié)合成了一句話，如：
The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century, Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400, the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure.
Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass?
A. To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans.
B. To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe.
C. To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible.
D. To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved.
解析
根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞 magnetic compass 可以定位到文章的第五行，但是由于句中的also，可知磁針羅盤和星盤是并列關(guān)系，即兩者都是重要的航海定位工具，所以C 選項(xiàng)是正確答案。此題即例子和觀點(diǎn)合成一句話。
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